Plasma Module

Tailor-Made to Simulate Low-Temperature Plasma Sources and Systems

 Read more below 

Want to know more?

I Want To Know More Form

The Plasma Module is tailor-made to model and simulate low-temperature plasma sources and systems. Engineers and scientists use it to gain insight into the physics of discharges and gauge the performance of existing or potential designs. The module can perform analysis in all space dimensions – 1D, 2D, and 3D. Plasma systems are, by their very nature, complicated systems with a high degree of nonlinearity. Small changes to the electrical input or plasma chemistry can result in significant changes in the discharge characteristics.

Plasmas – A Significant Multiphysics System

Low-temperature plasmas represent the amalgamation of fluid mechanics, reaction engineering, physical kinetics, heat transfer, mass transfer, and electromagnetics – a significant multiphysics system, in other words. The Plasma Module is a specialised tool for modelling non-equilibrium discharges, which occur in a wide range of engineering disciplines. The Plasma Module consists of a suite of physics interfaces that allow arbitrary systems to be modelled. These support the modelling of phenomena such as: direct current discharges, inductively-coupled plasmas, and microwave plasmas. A set of documented example models, with step-by-step descriptions of the modelling process, along with a user’s guide accompany the Plasma Module.

A square coil is placed on top of a dielectric window and is electrically excited, while a plasma is formed in an argon-filled chamber beneath. The plasma is sustained via electromagnetic induction where power is transferred from the electromagnetic fields to the electrons.

Inductively Coupled Plasmas

Inductively coupled plasmas (ICP) were first used in the 1960s as thermal plasmas in coating equipment. These devices operated at pressures on the order of 0.1 atm and produced gas temperatures on the order of 10,000 K. In the 1990s, ICP became popular in the film processing industry as a way of fabricating large semiconductor wafers. These plasmas operated in the low-pressure regime, from 0.002-1 torr, and as a consequence, the gas temperature remains close to room temperature. Low-pressure ICPs are attractive because they provide a relatively uniform plasma density over a large volume. The plasma density is also high, around 1018 1/m3, which results in a significant ion flux to the surface of the wafer. Faraday shields are often added to reduce the effect of capacitive coupling between the plasma and the driving coil. The Inductively Coupled Plasma interface automatically sets up the complicated coupling between the electrons and the high frequency electromagnetic fields that are present in this type of plasma. The Inductively Coupled Plasma interface requires both the Plasma Module and the AC/DC Module.

Direct Current Discharges

A specialised physics interface is available for modelling direct current (DC) discharges, which are sustained through secondary electron emission at the cathode due to ion bombardment. The interface allows for model inputs and contains the underlying equations and conditions for modelling this phenomenon. The electrons ejected from the cathode are accelerated through the cathode fall region into the bulk of the plasma. They may acquire enough energy to ionise the background gas, creating a new electron-ion pair. The electron makes its way to the anode, whereas the ion will migrate to the cathode where it may create a new secondary electron. It is not possible to sustain a DC discharge without including secondary electron emission.

Microwave Plasmas

You can use the Microwave Plasma interface to model wave heated discharges, which are sustained when electrons can gain enough energy from an electromagnetic wave as it penetrates the plasma. The physics of a microwave plasma are quite different depending on whether the TE mode (out-of-plane electric field) or the TM mode (in-plane electric field) is propagating. In neither case is it possible for the electromagnetic wave to penetrate into regions of the plasma where the electron density exceeds the critical electron density (around 7.6x1016 1/m3 for argon at 2.45 GHz). The pressure range for microwave plasmas is very broad. For electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasmas, the pressure can be on the order of 1 Pa or less. For non-ECR plasmas, the pressure typically ranges from 100 Pa up to atmospheric pressure. The power can range from a few watts all the way up to several kilowatts. Microwave plasmas are popular thanks to the cheap availability of microwave power. The Microwave Plasma interface requires both the Plasma Module and the RF Module.

Global Modelling for Initial Analyses of Plasma Processes

To facilitate your modelling of plasma processes, a new Global diffusion model now enables you to perform initial analyses of your processes, before optimising them with more accurate modelling. Global modelling reduces the degrees of freedom for your models through applying ordinary differential equations to your plasma model. This allows complex reaction chemistries to be tested and verified before running space-dependent models, while the reactor geometry, surface chemistry, and feed streams are all still taken into account.

Product Features

  • Application-specific physics interfaces
    • Plasma interface
    • Plasma, Time Periodic interface for capacitively coupled plasmas
    • Inductively Coupled Plasma interface
    • Microwave Plasma interface
    • Corona Discharge interface
    • Equilibrium DC Discharge interface
    • Equilibrium Inductively Coupled Plasma interface
    • Combined Inductive/DC Equilibrium Discharge interface
    • Electrical Breakdown Detection interface
    • Boltzmann Equation, Two-term Approximation interface
  • Other physics interfaces
    • Drift diffusion for electron transport
    • Heavy species transport for ions and neutrals
    • Charge Transport interface
    • Electrical circuits to add an external electrical circuit to the plasma model
  • Finite element and finite volume discretisations
  • Global modelling
  • Secondary emission
  • Thermionic emission
  • Surface reactions and surface species
  • Thermal Diffusion of Electrons
  • Maxwellian, Druyvesteyn, and Generalised electron energy distribution functions
  • Specify reactions using cross section data, Arrhenius expressions, analytic expressions, look-up tables, or Townsend coefficients
  • Comprehensive model library and User's Guide
Application Areas
  • Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
  • Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD)
  • DC discharges
  • Dielectric barrier discharges
  • ECR sources
  • Etching
  • Hazardous gas destruction
  • Inductively coupled plasmas (ICP)
  • Ion sources
  • Materials processing
  • Microwave plasmas
  • Ozone generation
  • Plasma chemistry
  • Capacitively coupled plasmas (CCP)
  • Plasma display panels
  • Plasma processes
  • Plasma sources
  • Power systems
  • Semiconductor fabrication, manufacture, and processing
Supported Formats for File Import

Note that not all file formats are supported on all operative systems, for details see System Requirements

File Format
Extension
Import
Export
SPICE Circuit Netlist
.cir
Yes
Yes

Every business and every simulation need is different.

In order to fully evaluate whether or not the COMSOL Multiphysics® software will meet your requirements, you need to contact us. By talking to one of our sales representatives, you will get personalised recommendations and fully documented examples to help you get the most out of your evaluation and guide you to choose the best license option to suit your needs.

Fill in your contact details and any specific comments or questions, and submit. You will receive a response from a sales representative within one business day.

Request a Software Demonstration:
Request Software Demonstration

Want to know more?

I Want To Know More Form
(COMSOL®, COMSOL Multiphysics®, Capture the Concept, COMSOL Desktop®) are registered trademarks of COMSOL AB, LiveLink™ is an unregistered trademark of COMSOL AB, ACIS and SAT are registered trademarks of Spatial Corporation. AutoCAD, AutoCAD Inventor and Inventor are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., and/or its subsidiaries and/or affiliates in the USA and/or other countries. CATIA is a registered trademark of Dassault Systèmes or its subsidiaries in the US and/or other countries. Microsoft, Excel and Windows are registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Parasolid and Solid Edge are trademarks or registered trademarks of Siemens Product Lifecycle Management Software Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States and in other countries. SolidWorks is a registered trademark of Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation. Creo and Pro/ENGINEER are trademarks or registered trademarks of PTC Inc. or its subsidiaries in the U.S. and in other countries. MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. Amazon Web Services, the “Powered by Amazon Web Services” logo, Amazon EC2 and Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates in the United States and/or other countries. Mac and Macintosh are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Red Hat is a registered trademark of Red Hat, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Neither COMSOL nor any COMSOL products are affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by any of these other trademark owners. Other product names, brand names or logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
chevron-left-circlechevron-right-circle